Top-down and Middle-down Protein Analysis Reveals that Intact and Clipped Human Histones Differ in Post-translational Modification Patterns
Andrey Tvardovskiy, Krzysztof Wrzesinski, Simone Sidoli, Stephen J. Fey, Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska and Ole N. Jensen
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics (2015), 14, 3142-3153
Post translational modifications of histones play a major role in regulating chromatin functionality and the concomitant DNA processes. It is thought that not only "classical" histone PTMs, such as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation effect the function, but also the proteolytic cleavage of the N-termini known as "histone clipping".
This paper takes on the challenging characterization of the co-existing histone modifications and reveals the relationship between histone clipping and covalent histone PTMs. Using immunoblotting as well as top- and middle-down mass spectrometry methods, the authors showed the presence of clipped histones and the co-existence of various PTMs for H3 histones.
They found that histones H2B and H3 undergo proteolytic processing in primary human hepatocytes and the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2/C3A. They mapped 212 unique combinatorial PTMs on intact H3 N-terminal tails and 55 combinatorial PTMs on two different clipped H3 N-terminal tails. |